Sucking while swimming: evaluating the effects of ram speed on suction generation in bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus using digital particle image velocimetry

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Daniel Wunder HachemDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito. Defesa : Curitiba, 01/04/2019Inclui referências: p. 219-235Área de concentração: Direito do EstadoResumo: O dano moral coletivo vem sendo interpretado por uma doutrina e uma jurisprudência oscilantes em reconhecê-lo, além de concebê-lo de forma diversa, a depender do ramo do Direito que está a se tratar. Pretende-se examiná-lo enquanto um prejuízo resultante de ofensas aos direitos fundamentais coletivos cujo fim de proteção esteja conexo à dignidade da pessoa humana. E como a proteção, a promoção e a defesa da dignidade se dão por interesses jurídicos de naturezas diversas, busca-se fundamentar o dano moral coletivo de forma sistemática e uniformizada nos diversos ramos do Direito (como no Direito Trabalho, no Direito Ambiental e no Direito Administrativo) sob uma base comum: a responsabilidade civil. Para referida apreciação, a pesquisa faz uma análise crítica dos conceitos e definições acerca do dano extrapatrimonial, passando necessariamente pelos conceitos dos direitos de personalidade, da dignidade, dos direitos fundamentais e também dos direitos coletivos - indicando, independentemente do interesse lesionado, quais são os requisitos que configuram este dano (elemento material, formal, qualitativo e quantitativo). E, considerando que o Estado tem a obrigação espontânea ora de abstenção, ora de prestação fática ou normativa para a efetivação de certas pretensões jusfundamentais, inclusive quanto aos direitos sociais, e que há pretensões prontamente exigíveis que apresentam titularidade coletiva e que estão vinculadas à dignidade da pessoa humana, trata-se da possibilidade de o próprio Estado causar este dano moral coletivo quando tais obrigações não são devidamente cumpridas e geram prejuízo concreto (como nos casos de ineficiência ou não prestação de serviços públicos, ou nas criações de políticas públicas). Há, ainda, a questão sobre a possibilidade de se condenarem agentes ímprobos em reparar danos morais coletivos causados em face da lesão à moralidade administrativa - algo que vem sendo aceito pelos tribunais. Porém, entende-se que nestas hipóteses é preciso primeiramente diferenciar se está a tratar-se de dano moral coletivo suportado pela sociedade (interesses coletivos), ou se está a tratar-se de dano moral suportado pelo próprio Estado ou pelas pessoas jurídicas que o integram (interesse individual). Fundamenta-se pela possibilidade de o Estado, enquanto pessoa jurídica de direito público, ser titular de direitos fundamentais por apresentar personalidade jurídica e pela concepção contemporânea destes direitos como bidimensionais (dimensões objetiva e subjetiva) e multifuncionais. Salienta-se que há, entre estes direitos, alguns que, acaso lesionados, culminam em dano moral (melhor denominado de dano institucional), como a honra objetiva e a imagem. Assim, a presente pesquisa conclui que o ato de improbidade poderá gerar tanto um dano institucional - quando lesionados direitos de personalidade do ente público, comprometendo o fim institucional da pessoa jurídica - quanto um dano moral coletivo pela lesão a interesses transindividuais que comprometam a dignidade. Objetiva-se, por meio destas analises, elaborar um cenário do dano moral coletivo no Direito Administrativo: verifica-se quando o Estado causa referido dano e quando é vítima deste. Palavras-chave: dano moral coletivo; dignidade da pessoa humana; direitos fundamentais sociais; responsabilidade civil do Estado; dano institucional; improbidade administrativa.Abstract: Collective moral damage has been interpreted by both a doctrine and a jurisprudence which oscillate in recognizing it, in addition to conceiving it in different ways, depending on the selected field of Law. This dissertation aims to examine it as a damage resulting from offenses against collective fundamental rights whose purpose of protection is related to the dignity of the human person. And since protection, promotion and defense of dignity are given by legal interests of different natures, collective moral damages are justified in a systematic and uniform way in the various fields of Law (Labor Law, Environmental Law and Administrative Law) on a common basis: civil liability. For this assessment, this research makes a critical analysis of the concepts and definitions about the moral damage - necessarily going through the concepts of personality rights, dignity, fundamental rights, and collective rights, indicating, regardless of the injured interest, which are the requirements which are able to materialize it (material, formal, qualitative and quantitative). Considering that the State has the spontaneous obligation of abstention and of a factual or normative provision for the realization of certain fundamental claims, including social rights, and that there are claims which are readily demandable, have a collective nature are linked to the dignity of the human person, this research affirms that it is possible for the State itself to cause this collective moral damage when these obligations are not properly fulfilled and thus generate concrete damages (as in cases of inefficiency or non-provision of public services or in the creation of public policies). There is also the possibility of condemning corrupt agents in redressing collective moral damages caused by injuring administrative morality - something that has been accepted by the courts. However, in these cases it is necessary to differentiate whether it is a matter of collective moral damage borne by society (collective interests) or whether it is dealing with moral damages borne by the State itself or by its entities (individual interest). This dissertation is based on the possibility of the State, as a legal entity governed by public law, to be the holder of fundamental rights for having legal personality and for the contemporary conception of these rights as two-dimensional (objective and subjective) and multifunctional. It is emphasized that there are some of these rights that, when injured, culminate in moral damages (better known as institutional damages), such as objective honor and image. Thus, the present study concludes that the act of improbity can generate as much institutional damage - when it damages the personality rights of the public entity by compromising the institutional purpose of its legal entity -, as collective moral damage - by injuring transindividual interests which compromise dignity. Through these analyses, the research aims to understand the collective moral damage in Administrative Law when the State causes it as well as when the State is the victim of it. Keywords: collective moral damage; dignity of human person; fundamental social rights; civil liability of the State; institutional damage; administrative improbity

Functional and architectural complexity within and between muscles: regional variation and intermuscular force transmission

Over the past 30 years, studies of single muscles have revealed complex patterns of regional variation in muscle architecture, activation, strain and force. In addition, muscles are often functionally integrated with other muscles in parallel or in series. Understanding the extent of this complexity and the interactions between muscles will profoundly influence how we think of muscles in relation to organismal function, and will allow us to address questions regarding the functional benefits (or lack thereof) and dynamics of this complexity under in vivo conditions. This paper has two main objectives. First, we present a cohesive and integrative review of regional variation in function within muscles, and discuss the functional ramifications that can stem from this variation. This involves splitting regional variation into passive and active components. Second, we assess the functional integration of muscles between different limb segments by presenting new data involving in vivo measurements of activation and strain from the medial gastrocnemius, iliotibialis cranialis and iliotibialis lateralis pars preacetabularis of the helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) during level running on a motorized treadmill. Future research directions for both of these objectives are presented.Organismic and Evolutionary Biolog

Discrete Razumikhin-type technique and stability of the Euler-Maruyama method to stochastic functional differential equations

A discrete stochastic Razumikhin-type theorem is established to investigate whether the Euler--Maruyama (EM) scheme can reproduce the moment exponential stability of exact solutions of stochastic functional differential equations (SFDEs). In addition, the Chebyshev inequality and the Borel-Cantelli lemma are applied to show the almost sure stability of the EM approximate solutions of SFDEs. To show our idea clearly, these results are used to discuss stability of numerical solutions of two classes of special SFDEs, including stochastic delay differential equations (SDDEs) with variable delay and stochastically perturbed equations

An integral method for solving nonlinear eigenvalue problems

We propose a numerical method for computing all eigenvalues (and the corresponding eigenvectors) of a nonlinear holomorphic eigenvalue problem that lie within a given contour in the complex plane. The method uses complex integrals of the resolvent operator, applied to at least $k$ column vectors, where $k$ is the number of eigenvalues inside the contour. The theorem of Keldysh is employed to show that the original nonlinear eigenvalue problem reduces to a linear eigenvalue problem of dimension $k$. No initial approximations of eigenvalues and eigenvectors are needed. The method is particularly suitable for moderately large eigenvalue problems where $k$ is much smaller than the matrix dimension. We also give an extension of the method to the case where $k$ is larger than the matrix dimension. The quadrature errors caused by the trapezoid sum are discussed for the case of analytic closed contours. Using well known techniques it is shown that the error decays exponentially with an exponent given by the product of the number of quadrature points and the minimal distance of the eigenvalues to the contour

Stochastic B-series analysis of iterated Taylor methods

For stochastic implicit Taylor methods that use an iterative scheme to compute their numerical solution, stochastic B--series and corresponding growth functions are constructed. From these, convergence results based on the order of the underlying Taylor method, the choice of the iteration method, the predictor and the number of iterations, for It\^o and Stratonovich SDEs, and for weak as well as strong convergence are derived. As special case, also the application of Taylor methods to ODEs is considered. The theory is supported by numerical experiments

RADIOCARBON AND STABLE ISOTOPE EVIDENCE OF DIETARY CHANGE FROM THE MESOLITHIC TO THE MIDDLE AGES IN THE IRON GATES: NEW RESULTS FROM LEPENSKI VIR

This is the published version, also available here: https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/4269.A previous radiocarbon dating and stable isotope study of directly associated ungulate and human bone samples from Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei in Romania established that there is a freshwater reservoir effect of approximately 500 yr in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube River valley in southeast Europe. Using the d15N values as an indicator of the percentage of freshwater protein in the human diet, the 14C data for 24 skeletons from the site of Lepenski Vir were corrected for this reservoir effect. The results of the paired 14C and stable isotope measurements provide evidence of substantial dietary change over the period from about 9000 BP to about 300 BP. The data from the Early Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic are consistent with a 2-component dietary system, where the linear plot of isotopic values reflects mixing between the 2 end-members to differing degrees. Typically, the individuals of Mesolithic age have much heavier d15N signals and slightly heavier d13C, while individuals of Early Neolithic and Chalcolithic age have lighter d15N and d13C values. Contrary to our earlier suggestion, there is no evidence of a substantial population that had a transitional diet midway between those that were characteristic of the Mesolithic and Neolithic. However, several individuals with Final Mesolithic 14C ages show d15N and d13C values that are similar to the Neolithic dietary pattern. Provisionally, these are interpreted either as incomers who originated in early farming communities outside the Iron Gates region or as indigenous individuals representing the earliest Neolithic of the Iron Gates. The results from Roman and Medieval age burials show a deviation from the linear function, suggesting the presence of a new major dietary component containing isotopically heavier carbon. This is interpreted as a consequence of the introduction of millet into the human food chain

Effects of Training and Testosterone on Muscle-Fiber Types and Locomotor Performance in Male Six-Lined Racerunners (\u3cem\u3eAspidoscelis sexlineata\u3c/em\u3e)

Testosterone (T) is thought to affect a variety of traits important for fitness, including coloration, the size of sexual ornaments, aggression, and locomotor performance. Here, we investigated the effects of experimentally elevated T and locomotor training on muscle physiology and running performance in a nonterritorial male lizard species (Aspidoscelis sexlineata). Additionally, several morphological attributes were quantified to examine other characters that are likely affected by T and/or a training regimen. Neither training alone nor training with T supplementation resulted in increased locomotor performance. Instead, we found that T and training resulted in a decrease in each of three locomotor performance variables as well as in hematocrit, ventral coloration, and testis size. Strikingly, neither the size nor the fiber composition of the iliofibularis or gastrocnemius muscles was different among the two treatments or a group of untrained control animals. Hence, the relationships among T, training, and associated characters are not clear. Our results offer important insights for those hoping to conduct laboratory manipulations on nonmodel organisms and highlight the challenges of studying both training effects and the effects of steroid hormones on locomotor performance

Zirconium-catalyzed alkene hydrophosphination and dehydrocoupling with an air-stable, fluorescent primary phosphine

Zirconium-catalyzed alkene hydrophosphination and dehydrocoupling with an air-stable, fluorescent primary phosphine 8-[(4-phosphino)phenyl]-4,4-dimethyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,6-diethyl- 4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene furnishes fluorescent phosphine products. Hydrophosphination of the fluorescent phosphine produces products with a complete selectivity for the secondary product. A key intermediate in catalysis, a zirconium phosphido compound, was isolated